Ludwig Wittgenstein

"Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darueber muss man schweigen."

("Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.")

Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 7.)

Elan Vital

Swallow your own death in the morning

Over easy with salt and pepper.

By nightfall, you'll have digested it fully

Death in every cell, a vital nutrient.

Links

1. The real Mongolian barbecue: cook an animal in its own skin. 

2. Journalistic cliches avoided at the Washington Post's Outlook section.

3. Derrida as intellectual outcast.

4. Explosives artist Cai Guo Qiang. "[H]is great influence was Chinese Taoist spirituality."

Hat tips to Arts & Letters Daily and The Browser.

Links

1. Eating zoo animals, cats, dogs, rats, and donkeys in the siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian war.

2. Adam Gopnik on the Mechanical Turk, a (fraudulent) 18th-century chess-playing automaton. According to Gopnik, Charles Babbage was inspired by the Turk to develop the concept of the difference engine, and Edgar Allan Poe was among those who realized the Turk had to be a fraud.

3. Myanmar gets daily newspapers (formerly banned by the government). 

Hat-tips to The Browser and Marginal Revolution.

No Human Can Fully Grasp the Complexity of Our Computers

A Google employee on the mind-boggling complexity of our computers. Corollaries include an explanation for the popularity of Steve Jobs, why computers are so frustrating, and why the patent system is broken.

Reflections

When all else is taken away, what remains is the relationship you have with being itself. If this relationship is sound, though you lose everything, at bottom you will be well. If this relationship is not sound, though you gain the entire world, you will not be well. Your relationship with being unfolds each moment, in ways you may not even be aware of. The magic power of attention can transform your relationship with being. In addition to the clear, well-lit parts of the mind, this attention must be applied to the dark, the silent, the hidden parts.

The Law of Karma

Sin is not just a demon crouching at the door;
It's a stain on your soul, treasured
By zealous memory, a captive longing
To be consumed by the chemical burn
Of enlightenment.

A Dream of the Beloved

The transcendent rapture of cleaning the dishes
Together. Holding hands, we enjoyed
The supreme bliss of aimless chatter
And shared soft kisses as the neighbors pulled into the drive.

Such was my one dream of the beloved.

Love, a Ghost

The first time I saw her, it was too early. 

The second time, too late. 

How could I be so inspired 

By love's hungry shadow?

Thoughts on Plato's Cave

Plato, in his Cave Allegory, taught that the sun of awakening rises high above the murky depths of ignorance. His peers, the authors of the Upanishads, held rather that the shining sun of the Self lies hidden in the innermost cavern of the heart. As far as I can tell, the Upanishads had it right. It is precisely those who insist on seeing by the clear light of day who end up knowing least. Coming to know requires an ever deeper exploration of the self's, of the world's, many shadow-strewn ways.

The Greatest Loves

Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Beata Beatrix. 1864-1870. 

The ancients knew that the greatest loves are unrequited; or, if requited, unconsummated; or, if consummated, profoundly unhappy. Dante and Beatrice; Romeo and Juliette; Lancelot and Guinevere; et multa alia. It seems to be a decree of Fate that the greatest loves end in great disappointment or utter wretchedness.

D.I.Y.

Laundry de-odorizer: add 1/2 cup baking soda to a load before running a cycle.

Links

1. Times Literary Supplement review of David Foster Wallace's posthumously published The Pale King.

2. Onion AV Club interview with writer Neal Pollack. (What it means to be a writer today.)

3. Five Books interview with atheist Susan Jacoby.

4. Decline of the German bookseller business.

5. Tyler Cowen on the egalitarian, cosmopolitan, and civil libertarian core of economics.

As usual, hat tips to The Browser, Marginal Revolution, and Arts & Letters Daily.

The Book of Oghams

A page from the Book of Ballymote (Royal Irish Academy MS 23 P 12) containing ogham scripts.

Edit: This page from the Book of Ballymote is used by Andrew West at BabelStone to help interpret a peculiar bit of ogham found in a manuscript composed by a 10th-century Anglo-Saxon monk named Byrhtferth.

Links

1. John Nye on the war in Iraq.

2. Terry Eagleton's book-review-as-essay on the Anglo-Irish aristocracy.

3. Toronto's Monkey Paw bookshop: curators of printed curios and curiosities. A future for bricks and mortar book stores?

What Is the Point of Philosophy (by Way of the Jewish State)?

Joseph Levine, a professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, has a well-written blog post at the New York Times about whether or not "Israel has a right to exist." Levine's thesis is that no people, including the Jewish people, has a right to a nation-state; nation-states do not exist for the sake of any particular people (in the sense of an ethnic group), but rather exist (or should exist) for the sake of all of the peoples who are their citizens.

This article is a great illustration of what the point of philosophy is. It's true that philosophers have often addressed questions which are of mainly theoretical interest, that they have (especially historically) attempted to answer questions which are best left to the empirical sciences, and that philosophy does not produce empirically verified or mathematically proven theories in the same way that the special sciences or mathematics do. So one may be forgiven for wondering what the purpose of philosophy is or if it even has one.

In a word, the point of philosophy is to think carefully and critically about thorny questions having to do with values or with the first principles of science, mathematics, or other disciplines. The tools of the philosophers in their quest for clarity are not microscopes and chemical assays, but rather logical and conceptual analyses.

A big part of both of these tools is the ability to make crucial distinctions (such as that between the ethnic and the civic sense of the term 'people'), which Levine aptly illustrates in his blog post about the Jews and Israel. Conceptual and logical clarity are not sufficient for resolving difficult questions of value or foundations, but they are necessary, and all too often lacking in debates about morality, politics, the arts, scientific methodology, and the like.

I am not hereby endorsing Levine's thesis or his arguments (though they are worth considering seriously), but as soon as I started reading his blog post, I could tell that he was a philosopher or had philosophical training, because of the obvious care he was taking to get conceptual and logical clarity before reaching his conclusion. Most non-philosophers regrettably do not sufficiently distinguish between related issues or concepts as carefully as Levine has done in this piece. I hope that Levine's work serves as a helpful illustration of the value of philosophy, even for such practical, political, "blood and soil" issues as the relations between Jews and Palestinians in the state of Israel.

Jeffrey Sachs' Great Paul Krugman Smackdown

Self-styled "progressive" economist Jeffrey Sachs delivers an energetic smackdown of economist Paul Krugman's over at the Huffington Post. Among Sachs' main points: the CBO's projections GDP growth in the wake of the stimulus have not been met; it matters quite a bit not just how much money the government spends, but what it spends it on; the interest payments on the debt will become uncomfortably large within ten years. Recommended reading for all citizens, not just policy wonks.

David Lynch

"I used to go to Bob's Big Boy restaurant just about every day from the mid-seventies until the early eighties. I'd have a milk shake and sit and think.

"There's a safety in thinking in a diner. You can have your coffee or your milk shake, and you can go off into strange dark areas, and always come back to the safety of the diner."

(David Lynch, Catching the Big Fish, p. 39.)

I wonder which Bob's he went to.

Dark Illumination

For Masters Kong and Lao

The clever-tongued thief of virtue

Grabs you with his rhinestone coat

A rich beggar snatching coins from passers-by.

His light is outshone by the hidden virtue

Of a hooded lantern, invisible from without

Grown brighter and brighter from within.

America's Biggest Foreign Policy Blunder?

Peter van Buren, a former state department official who worked in Iraq, paints a vivid portrait of the failures of the United States' invasion of Iraq and its aftermath, arguing that it constitutes the nation's worst foreign policy failure ever.

D.I.Y.

Make your own glass cleaner: Mix 1/4 cup white vinegar with 3 cups of water in a spray bottle. Spray and wipe down with newspaper.

Never buy commercially produced glass cleaner again!

China's Generation Gap

Chinese parents who came of age during the Cultural Revolution are separated from their children, the balinghou, by an immense cultural gulf. 

David F***ing Lynch

"Eraserhead is my most spiritual movie. No one understands when I say that, but it is.

"Eraserhead was growing in a certain way, and I didn't know what it meant. I was looking for a key to unlock what these sequences were saying. Of course, I understood some of it; but I didn't know the thing that just pulled it all together. And it was a struggle. So I got out my Bible and started reading. And one day, I read a sentence. And I closed the Bible, because that was it; that was it. And then I saw the thing as a whole. And it fulfilled this vision for me, 100 percent.

"I don't think I'll ever say what that sentence was."

(David Lynch, Catching the Big Fish, p. 33.)

Daniel K. Gardner (translator), The Four Books, and Edward Slingerland (translator), The Analects

Daniel K. Gardner's The Four Books is a translation of selected portions of the four great Confucian classics: Great Learning (Daxue), Analects (Lunyu), Mencius (Mengzi), and Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong; translated by Gardner as "Maintaining Perfect Balance"). These four books became the basis of the Chinese imperial examination system during the Song Dynasty, due to the influence of the "Neo-Confucian" (Daoxue) scholar Zhu Xi (1130-1200); previously, the Five Classics (Wujing) had been the basis for the imperial exams, but Zhu Xi argued that the Four Books served as a better introduction to the study of Confucian thought.

Gardner's aim in this slender volume is to introduce the student of philosophy not only to the Four Books themselves, but also to Zhu Xi's influential Neo-Confucian commentaries, through which Chinese students have traditionally approached and interpreted these classic texts. While Gardner does not translate Zhu Xi's commentary directly, his own commentary is peppered with quotations from Zhu Xi, and Gardner explicitly adopts a Neo-Confucian stance when explaining how the passages from the Four Books have traditionally been read. This choice does provide an effective introduction to the Neo-Confucian commentarial tradition, and to Neo-Confucianism generally, but at the expense of occasionally obscuring the original meaning of the texts.

By contrast, Edward Slingerland, in his translation of Confucius' Analects, makes use of a range of traditional commentaries, together with modern textual scholarship, in his own attempt to make sense of the Analects (in terms of their likely original meaning, to the extent to which this can be reconstructed). There are certainly advantages and disadvantages to both of these interpretive strategies, and there is likely room for both in preparing contemporary translations and editions of classic Chinese texts.

While Gardner's The Four Books largely accomplishes what it sets out to do, I would have preferred an edition which contains the complete versions of Great Learning, Analects, Mencius, and Doctrine of the Mean, even if this meant expanding the work to multiple volumes. Also, since Gardner in many cases merely paraphrases Zhu Xi's commentary, it would have been preferable to simply include a translation of Zhu Xi's commentary alongside the original text, supplemented where needed by Gardner's own notes or additions (perhaps noting those cases in which other commentators have disagreed greatly with Zhu Xi). Nevertheless, Gardner has produced an excellent introduction both to the Four Books themselves, and to the Neo-Confucian commentary tradition of Zhu Xi, which colored the reception of these texts in China for hundreds of years (and which still does). 

Confucius

"The Master said, 'A clever tongue and fine appearance are rarely signs of Goodness [ren].'" (Confucius, Analects 1.3. Translated by Edward Slingerland.)

Links

Hat tips to TheBrowser and Marginal Revolution.

1. The London Underground as a state of mind.
2. Are we living in the early 19th century? Income inequality and standard of living.
3. The current state of Africa. (The headline could be: The Economist calls for a Pan-African Union. Read to the end.)

Donald Ritchie, A Tractate on Japanese Aesthetics

Donald Ritchie's A Tractate on Japanese Aesthetics is a learned introduction to traditional Japanese aesthetic concepts, such as wabi, sabi, and mono no aware. Ritchie lived in Tokyo and wrote about Japanese culture for decades. In his Tractate, Ritchie deftly handles traditional Japanese sources, telling famous tales such as tea master Sen no Rikyu's development of the refined yet rough and simple aesthetic later associated with the tea ceremony; he also appropriately clarifies and juxtaposes Japanese aesthetic concepts using Western aesthetic thinkers and artists such as Hume, Kant, and Oscar Wilde. The "tractate" form averred to in the title is that of an extended essay, which aptly serves Ritchie's goal of creating an introduction to his topic suitable for the literate novice. Recommended. I will be using portions of this tractate as a required reading for my aesthetics class this semester.

Teaching the Bible in Texas Public Schools

I think the Bible should be taught in public schools, since its influence on world civilization (history, politics, religion, art, literature) has been profound. However, according to a recent article in the New York Times, the teaching of the Bible in Texas public schools involves possible violations of the principle of the separation of church and state. For example, some religion classes are taught by evangelical pastors, whose teaching is colored by their particular theology, and some public school students take their religion classes (which are part of the public school curriculum) in nearby churches.

The Year Thus Far in Links

1. What's wrong with ebooks.
2. Buddhist hell-realms depicted at Thailand's Wat Phong Rai Wua.
3. Christmas book flood in Iceland.
4. An environmentalist's reasons for supporting GMO and factory farming.
5. The wisdom of psychopaths? 
6. "The Deep End." Hand-drawn animation, white-out, and coffee. By Jake Fried.
7. China's new 'it girl' is a grandfather.
8. Music tastes and delinquency.
9. Prehistoric oral bacteria.
10. Head trauma sometimes unlocks creative talents.
11. The decline of Jewish delis.
12. "World's worst tattoo" inked in Bowling Green, Ohio.
13. The science of WEIRD people. 
14. Addictive junk food?
15. Out of control health care costs.
16. Five psychiatric disorders share genetic risk factors related to neural calcium channels.

Confucius

"The Master said, 'One who is Good sees as his first priority the hardship of self-cultivation, and only after thinks about results or rewards.'"

(Confucius, Analects 6.22. Translated by Edward Slingerland.)

D.I.Y.

Toothpaste: mix one part sea salt to one part baking soda. Make a 50/50 mix of water and hydrogen peroxide, and then add enough of this to the salt and baking soda to form a paste like consistency. Add a few drops of pure peppermint oil.

Stop buying mass-produced toothpaste! The homemade stuff is cheaper and (in my experience) works better.